On October 2015, Universitas Pelita Harapan Center for International Trade & Investment (UPH-CITI) released a comprehensive study titled Aid for Trade in Lowering Trade Costs: Overcoming Infrastructure and Institutional Constraints in Indonesia, which critically examined how infrastructure bottlenecks, weak legal institutions, and restrictive trade policies hinder Indonesia’s trade competitiveness. The report emphasized that unless Indonesia addresses these structural and institutional challenges, including corruption, poor port performance, and unreliable electricity supply, Aid for Trade initiatives alone cannot significantly improve trade outcomes