This presentation introduces Global Value Chains (GVCs) as the full set of activities behind bringing a product or service from concept to consumer, highlighting the growing global fragmentation of production. Drawing on Richard Baldwin’s “Great Unbundlings,” it explains how technology and falling trade and communication costs enabled international dispersion of tasks. Countries engage in GVCs as input users or suppliers, with varying positions along the chain, and both large and small firms involved. GVCs challenge traditional trade views, intensify the role of investment and services, and require trade facilitation and regulatory alignment. Indonesia participates mainly through downstream sectors like mining, but improvements in infrastructure, governance, and policy coherence are needed to increase its value-added contribution.